Introduction
Despite its vast territory and formidable military strength, Russia continues to view the world through a lens of strategic caution. While analysts consider it a major global power, its foreign and security policies reflect deep-seated anxieties about external threats and geopolitical isolation. This duality of power and insecurity defines modern Russia’s global behavior.
Historical Roots of Strategic Anxiety
Centuries of invasions, territorial losses, and foreign pressure have shaped Russia’s modern mindset. From the Mongol invasions in the 13th century through the Napoleonic Wars to Nazi Germany’s assault during World War II, Russian territory has encountered existential threats on many occasions. These experiences have left a lasting impact on its leaders and citizens, fostering a strong desire to maintain security buffers and regional influence.
Energy Dependence and Economic Vulnerability
Russia maintains one of the world’s largest and most advanced armed forces, but its economy relies heavily on energy exports, especially oil and gas. This dependence makes the country vulnerable to global price fluctuations and Western sanctions. While the government prioritizes military infrastructure, efforts to diversify the economy remain limited. These economic vulnerabilities reinforce Moscow’s push for geopolitical control, especially in neighboring areas rich in resources and trade routes.
Geopolitical tensions with the West
The eastward expansion of NATO and the European Union has created lasting unease in Moscow. From Russia’s perspective, Western encroachment near its borders threatens its traditional sphere of influence. Flashpoints like Ukraine, Georgia, and the Baltics have become focal areas of confrontation, with Russia taking assertive measures to deter further Western alignment.
Putin’s Strategic Doctrine
Under President Vladimir Putin, Russia has embraced a more assertive and interventionist foreign policy. Moves such as the 2014 annexation of Crimea, military involvement in Syria, and cyber operations targeting Western democracies are all part of a broader effort to project power and safeguard national interests. While these actions draw international criticism, many Russians see them as necessary to defend sovereignty.
Military Strength vs. Global Isolation
Despite its military prowess, Russia faces growing diplomatic and economic isolation. Its strategic actions—often in violation of international norms—have led to sanctions, loss of foreign investment, and deteriorating relations with the West. This paradox highlights a core dilemma: Russia uses military strength to preserve its security and influence, yet risks further isolation in doing so.
Conclusion
A blend of historical trauma, economic dependence, and a desire for global recognition shapes Russia’s strategic worldview. A fear of encirclement and decline drives its foreign policy, and it also demonstrates military strength. To understand Russia’s behavior on the global stage, one must grasp this complex interplay between power and insecurity—a defining characteristic of its 21st-century strategy.
